Question
Gramps,
Are the descendants of Judah only considered to be “Jews” or is all of Israel’s 12 tribes’ descendants considered to be Jews?
Alvis
Answer
Alvis,
The term “Jew” has undergone significant evolution over the centuries, influenced by historical events, cultural shifts, and theological developments. Within the context of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS), understanding the identity of Jews, the twelve tribes of Israel, and the implications of intermarriage is essential for appreciating the Church’s teachings on lineage and covenant identity. This article explores whether the descendants of Judah alone are considered Jews or if all tribes of Israel share this identity.
Historically, the term “Jew” was used to refer specifically to individuals from the Kingdom of Judah after the division of the United Monarchy of Israel into two separate kingdoms: Israel and Judah. The ten tribes of the northern kingdom were often lost to history after their conquest by the Assyrians around 722 B.C. (2 Kings 17:6). In contrast, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin continued to exist, maintaining a distinct cultural and religious identity.
As articulated in the Book of Mormon, particularly in 2 Nephi 25:6, the term “Jew” is applied broadly to signify descendants of the inhabitants of Judah during the time of Lehi, regardless of direct lineage. This reflects the understanding that even those not of the tribe of Judah could be considered Jews based on their geographical and cultural ties to Jerusalem.
In contemporary discourse, the definition of “Jew” transcends mere ethnic or biological lineage. Most discussions about Jewish identity today emphasize cultural, religious, and historical connections rather than strict genealogical criteria. Jewish identity can encompass those born of a Jewish mother or individuals who convert to Judaism. This perspective aligns with the evolving understanding of Jewishness as a mindset and cultural identity rather than solely a genetic lineage (Maxwell Institute, 2024).
Neal A. Maxwell Institute notes, “To be a Jew has for long not been a question of genes, but of a mind-set” (Maxwell Institute, 2024). This broader definition fosters inclusivity, acknowledging the diversity present within Jewish communities worldwide.
The twelve tribes of Israel descended from the sons of Jacob (also known as Israel), are integral to both the Hebrew Bible and the Book of Mormon. Each tribe held specific territorial inheritances and played unique roles in the religious and social fabric of ancient Israel.
The tribes included Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Ephraim, and Manasseh. Particularly, the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, the sons of Joseph, are often emphasized in LDS teachings as they carry a significant legacy within the context of the latter-day restoration (Doctrine & Covenants 109:62-64).
In the LDS faith, it is taught that all who join the Church are adopted into the house of Israel, reflecting the covenantal aspect of being part of God’s chosen people. As noted in the teachings of President Boyd K. Packer, “In giving a blessing the patriarch may declare our lineage, that is, that we are of Israel, therefore of the family of Abraham, and of a specific tribe of Jacob” (Packer, 2002, Ensign).
Intermarriage has historically been a contentious topic within Jewish communities, often viewed through the lens of maintaining cultural and religious identity. The scattering of the tribes of Israel, particularly following the Assyrian conquest, led to intermarriages with surrounding nations, diluting the tribal distinctions and identities.
The Book of Mormon acknowledges this phenomenon, emphasizing that intermarriage with Gentiles resulted in many Israelites losing their distinct identity. As articulated in the writings of B. H. Roberts, “the blood of Israel, unrecognized, is in the veins of many supposed Gentiles” (Roberts, 1979).
LDS theology holds that intermarriage does not negate one’s covenant identity. In fact, converts to the Church are considered adopted into the house of Israel, receiving the same blessings promised to the literal descendants of the tribes. This inclusion reinforces the concept of spiritual lineage over biological lineage, aligning with the New Testament teachings of inclusion in Christ.
Covenant identity is central to understanding one’s place within the framework of the Church. The promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob regarding their descendants continue to hold significance for Latter-day Saints. Through faith and obedience, individuals can claim their heritage as members of the House of Israel, regardless of their biological ancestry.
Elder Bruce R. McConkie emphasized that the gathering of Israel is not limited to those of Jewish descent but includes all who accept the gospel of Jesus Christ (McConkie, 1981). This reflects the overarching theme of restoration and redemption prevalent in LDS doctrine.
Exploring the identity of “Jew,” the twelve tribes of Israel, and the implications of intermarriage reveals a complex interplay of history, culture, and theology. For members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, understanding these elements enhances their appreciation of covenant identity and the significance of lineage. This perspective fosters a deeper connection to the biblical narrative and affirms the inclusive nature of God’s promises to all His children.
Gramps